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Michael Musmanno
Michael Angelo Musmanno (April 7, 1897 – October 12, 1968) was an American jurist, politician, and naval officer. Coming from an immigrant family, he started to work as a coal loader at the age 14. After obtaining a law degree from Georgetown University, for nearly two decades from the early 1930s, he served as a judge in courts of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Entering the United States Navy during World War II, he served in the military justice system. After the war in 1946 he served as a governor of an occupied district in Italy. Beginning in 1947, he served as a presiding judge for the Einsatzgruppen Trial in US military court at Nuremberg.
In 1951 he was elected as a justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, where he served until his death in 1968. He set a record for the number of dissenting opinions filed. In addition to his long judicial career and postwar contributions in Europe, he wrote sixteen books and many articles related to his court cases and professional career. In his writing he expressed sympathy for working men and deep interest in the Italians in the United States.
Viewed as a "maverick on the court",〔(Justice Musmanno ), Reading Eagle, October 16, 1968〕 Musmanno was known for defending Sacco-Vanzetti, as well for anti-Communism and support for civil rights.〔 At the time of his death he was regarded as "one of Pennsylvania's most respected and colorful figures".〔(Musmanno is Buried at Arlington ), Gettysburg Times, October 18, 1868〕
==Early life and education==
Musmanno was born into an ethnic Italian family in Stowe Township, in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, an industrial neighborhood a few miles west of Pittsburgh. He worked with his father in the coal mines before going to college and law school. He became a labor lawyer and always kept a sympathy for the working man.〔
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